Bluegreen藍(lán)藻治理技術(shù)

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BGWT開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)突破性的殺藻產(chǎn)品，這個(gè)產(chǎn)品外層包裹了一層可使它漂浮在水面、并有緩釋效果的物質(zhì)，可以及時(shí)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、有效地控制藍(lán)藻水華。它的特性使它在水中能立即起效，并不局限于水體的面積和形狀，因此保證了安全經(jīng)濟(jì)的在水體中施用操作。

Copper sulfate (CuSO4?5H2O)

Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CAS # 7758-99-8)  is an odorless and a very potent algicide approved under the US EPA for water reservoirs including potable water sources. It is used in large quantities in aquaculture and contained artificial ponds, where toxicity is a minor issue.

The Lake Guard Blue? is designed to minimize the dosage  as well as the operational costs associated with the application of copper sulfate to a fraction of their current levels.

銅(II)硫酸五水化物(CAS # 7758-99-8)是一種無(wú)味和一個(gè)非常強(qiáng)大的殺藻劑批準(zhǔn)根據(jù)美國(guó)環(huán)保署等水庫(kù)飲用水來(lái)源。它包含大量用于水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖和人工池塘,毒性是一個(gè)次要問(wèn)題。

　　The Lake Guard Blue?旨在減少劑量以及與應(yīng)用程序相關(guān)的運(yùn)營(yíng)成本的硫酸銅的當(dāng)前水平的一小部分。

Sodium Percarbonate (2 Na?CO? · 3 H?O?))

Sodium Percarbonate (aka ‘Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate’; CAS# 15630-89-4) is an odorless algaecide composed of Soda Ash and Hydrogen Peroxide (H?O?) which is considered to be the most environmentally friendly algaecide commercially available for the treatment of cyanobacteria. However, and although approved under the US EPA, its overall usage is quite limited. The major reason this compound did not establish itself as a viable solution are high operational costs. In addition, and unlike copper or chlorine-based compounds, its active oxygen concentration is relatively low, badly impacting its potency – especially in the context of a full lake treatment and the potential for dilution.

Moreover, the use of liquid H?O? poses serious dangers, as large quantities of the compound have to be carried on boats where they may cause significant safety issues, including combustion or physical exposure to leaks.

In contrast, the Lake Guard H?O?? dramatically reduces the operational costs associated with the application of hydrogen peroxide, as the product travels independently on the currents along the cyanobacteria. Its ability to effectively target the cyanobacteria spatially as well as vertically, further reduces the overall input required to achieve effective concentrations of H2O2 where needed. Coming in dry, granular form, it requires no special preparation or equipment reducing unneeded exposure by operators to a minimum.

過(guò)碳酸鈉(又名“碳酸鈉Peroxyhydrate”;中科院# 15630-89-4)是一個(gè)無(wú)味的除藻劑由碳酸鈉和過(guò)氧化氫(H?O?),被認(rèn)為是非常環(huán)保的滅藻商用藍(lán)藻的治療。然而,盡管美國(guó)環(huán)保局批準(zhǔn),其整體使用是相當(dāng)有限的。主要原因這種化合物沒(méi)有建立本身作為一個(gè)可行的解決方案是高運(yùn)營(yíng)成本。此外,與銅或霍亂化合物不同,其活性氧濃度相對(duì)較低,嚴(yán)重影響其效力的環(huán)境——尤其是在一個(gè)完整的湖治療和潛在的稀釋。

　　此外,使用液體H?O?帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的危害,大量的化合物必須進(jìn)行船只,他們可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致重大的安全問(wèn)題,包括燃燒或身體接觸泄漏。

　　相比之下,The Lake Guard Blue H?O??大大降低了啊

Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)?)

Calcium Hypochlorite (CAS# 7778-54-3)  is commonly used as an algicide (under NSF/ANSI 60 where it is limited to 15 mg/l), as well as a bactericide, deodorant, disinfectant, fungicide and so on.

Hypochlorite is widely used in the  cooling-water systems of power plants. These facilities have been authorized by regulators worldwide to treat the systems with chlorine in order to avoid biofouling. Free chlorine is later being discharged in massive quantities to adjunct water bodies. This method is regarded as ‘the best available method’ in terms of biocidal efficiency and cost effectiveness (Hergott et al., 1978). The US Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR 423) dictates limitations on the concentration of free-chlorine and the permissible amount of chlorinated water discharge to be released into a water body per day per reactor. And yet, a power plant with a standard daily flow of five million cubic liters can release up to 200,000 kg of free-chlorine into the adjacent pond on an annual basis (see Table 3.1 in Pacey et al., 2011). Comprehensive environmental studies that have been conducted by various environmental protection agencies showed that this mass discharge of chlorine had insignificant adverse effects on fauna and flora (e.g. Brungs, 1973; Hergott et al., 1978; Sung et al., 1978; Pacey et al., 2011; Ma et al., 2011). Moreover, studies also showed that residual chlorine byproducts from these practices, such as trihalomethanes, were found below harmful levels (Hollod and Wilde, 1982; Jenner et al., 1997; Jenner and Wither, 2011).

Nevertheless, hypochlorite of any type has never been registered as an algaecide for freshwater bodies and therefore is currently not approved for use as an algaecide in surface water.

BlueGreen’s past field trials with this compound have confirmed that treatment with chlorine concentrations of under 5 g/m2 had no effect on fish, seabirds or turtles.

Moreover, our hypochlorite-based formulation (Lake Guard White?) was found to fully release its chlorine content within 60 minutes from application and to interact with the existing organic load in the water, after which total-chlorine could not be detected in the water (<0.01 ppm). In contradiction to in-vitro tests done in purified water (i.e. Clasen and Edmondson, 2006) this rapid interaction released all bound chlorine regardless of the pH range in the ponds (~pH 8.0).

　　次氯酸鈣(Ca(ClO)?)

　　次氯酸鈣(CAS # 7778-54-3)通常被用作殺藻劑(NSF / ANSI 60,限于15 mg / l),以及殺菌劑,除臭劑,消毒劑,殺菌劑等。

　　次氯酸鹽廣泛應(yīng)用于電站的冷卻系統(tǒng)。這些設(shè)施已經(jīng)被全球監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)授權(quán)處理系統(tǒng)與氯為了避免生物淤積。游離氯是后來(lái)出院了大量兼職水體。這種方法被認(rèn)為是“*好的方法”的殺生的效率和成本效益(Hergott et al .,1978)。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦法規(guī)(40 CFR 423)規(guī)定限制游離氯的濃度和容許量的氯化水排放被釋放到水體每天每個(gè)反應(yīng)堆。然而,發(fā)電廠和一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的每日五百萬(wàn)立方升流可以釋放多達(dá)200000公斤的游離氯鄰池塘

Phosphate Binders

Phosphate is a well known factor in cyanobacterial succession over other microorganisms in aquatic habitats.  It is therefore logical that eliminating phosphates from the water leads to a decline in cyanobacterial infestations. Compounds such as aluminum sulfate and Phoslock efficiently bind to phosphates and sink to the sediment. In some cases, treatment of a whole lake with these compounds may prevent a few seasonal blooms.

Similar to treatments with copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide, treatments with phosphate binders are applied subsurface, thus limiting the feasible scale for treatment, making it extremely expensive.

While considered a “preventative” measure against cyanobacterial blooms, the treatment is only effective to the extent it is able to bind with sufficient amounts of phosphate in the water. Given the abundant sources of phosphates from catchment areas, the effect of these  treatments is usually short-living. In addition, and although seldom addressed, treatment with phosphate binders include drastic amounts of binders, which in turn “rains” over the  sediment and chokes it. It is important to remember that bound phosphates remain in the ecosystem and under some conditions (heavy storms and water mixing)  can be re-released into the water column. Worse off, the bound phosphates are regularly consumed by “bottom feeders” such as carp and are easily disturbed and compromised by normal wind and wave action in shallow lakes.

Considering the overall (limited) demand to treatment with alum salts, BlueGreen is currently developing an alum-based product, the Lake Guard Alum?, which will  remove all operational obstacles associated with aluminum treatment for end users wishing to implement it.

　　磷酸鹽粘結(jié)劑

　　磷酸是一個(gè)眾所周知的因素在藍(lán)藻繼承其它微生物在水生棲息地。因此,邏輯消除磷酸鹽的藍(lán)藻水下降導(dǎo)致的病害?；衔锶缌蛩徜X和Phoslock有效結(jié)合磷酸鹽和下沉沉積物。在某些情況下,治療整個(gè)湖與這些化合物可能阻止一些季節(jié)性的花朵。

　　類似于治療硫酸銅和過(guò)氧化氫,治療與地下應(yīng)用磷酸鹽粘結(jié)劑,從而限制了可行的治療,使它非常昂貴。

　　而被認(rèn)為是對(duì)藍(lán)藻的“預(yù)防”措施,治療僅是有效的在某種程度上它能夠綁定有足夠數(shù)量的磷在水里。鑒于磷酸鹽從集水區(qū)的豐富來(lái)源,這些治療的效果通常是short-living。此外,盡管很少解決,治療

Barley / Rice Straw

Placing barley or rice straw into aquatic ecosystems has been practiced in some places with an inconsistent effect. A recent discovery of the active compounds released from the straw (flavonolignans salcolin A and B) did demonstrate a lytic effect on Microcystis aeruginosa. However, these active compounds are not commercially available and have yet to obtain the required environmental and regulatory clearances which are likely to require long-term toxicology and environmental-impact studies.

　　大麥/稻草

　　把大麥或稻草水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在一些地方不一致的影響。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的活性化合物釋放稻草(flavonolignans salcolin A和B)演示了對(duì)綠膿微胞藻屬溶解性的影響。然而,這些活性化合物還沒(méi)有商業(yè)化,并獲得所需的環(huán)境和監(jiān)管許可,可能需要長(zhǎng)期毒理學(xué)和環(huán)境影響研究。